![]() In 2021, 5G networks remain the focus of investment. In 2020, China Tower's capital expenditure swelled by 36.87% year on year to RMB37.122 billion. In 2019, the 5G layout began to advance, so that the capital expenditure of the three major operators and China Tower rebounded.Īmid the accelerated deployment of 5G in 2020, the total capital expenditure of the three major operators jumped by 11.04% year on year to RMB333 billion, of which RMB175.7 billion was spent on 5G with a significant increase of 326.46% over the previous year. From 2016 to 2018, the capital expenditure of three major operators (China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom) and China Tower kept declining as the 4G network market became saturated. Optical fiber communication is the only downstream industry of optical fiber preforms. The main patent applicants include YOFC, Futong Group, Hengtong Group, FiberHome Telecommunication Technologies, ZTT, etc. In recent years, Chinese manufacturers have made more efforts in the research and development of technologies for optical fiber preforms, and filed over 250 patent applications each year. In recent years, Ministry of Commerce of China has adjusted anti-dumping duties on major Japanese manufacturers. As for import, Japan is the largest source of optical fiber preforms for China, making up 80% of China's imports in 2020. In terms of export, India is the largest export destination of Chinese optical fiber preforms, accounting for approximately 72% of China's exports in 2020. In 2020, the average import unit price (US$155.53/ton) doubled the average export unit price (only US$70.83/ton). There is a huge gap between import and export unit prices of optical fiber preforms in China. However, as the capacity of domestic optical fiber preforms continues to increase and the self-sufficiency is strengthened, the import volume of optical fiber preforms in China has declined year after year at the same time, the export of optical fiber preforms in the country has swelled year by year. In the future, with the acceleration of 5G network construction in China and even the world, it is estimated that the output of optical fiber preforms will hit 12,800 tons by 2026.Ĭhina has always relied heavily on imported optical fiber preforms. In 2019, China's optical fiber output reached 289 million fkm, a year-on-year increase of 9.0% meanwhile, the output of optical fiber preforms jumped 8.1% year-on-year to 9,513 tons. The global construction of 4G and FTTH requires less optical fiber and cable, which has dragged down the demand for optical fiber preforms however, the burgeoning 5G network has triggered more demand for optical fibers and optical fiber preforms. These can be achieved by carefully controlling the temperature and pressure during the fabrication process.Optical fiber preforms play a key role in the optical fiber communication industry chain. It also reduced the moisture in the optical fiber, effectively reducing fiber loss. They found that increasing the roundness of the core and cladding. Bismuth and erbium provided the broadband luminescence-covered O-L band under a single wavelength excitation.Īs part of their experiments, the researchers also discussed fiber loss, considered the most important property that restricts 3D printing optical fiber. Germanium, titanium, and aluminum formed waveguides and enriched the core glass network structure, conducive to luminescence. The elements were bismuth, erbium, germanium, titanium, and aluminum. The researchers also introduced dopants from five different elements. The ability to demonstrate these additive capabilities improved manufacturing processes by reducing separation and integration processes. ![]() It is essential to consider the capability of 3D printing technology to produce complex fiber structures. ![]() They realized the fabrication of multi-component fibers and structured fibers. ![]() On this basis, the research group further extended this work, bismuth ions and erbium ions were co-doped into the single-core and seven-core fibers. ![]() The centimeter-scale optical fiber preform was successfully fabricated by DLP 3D printing technology, and single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers were obtained by controlling the parameters during fiber drawing. The paper, titled “Additive Manufacturing Fiber Preforms for Structured Silica Fibers with Bismuth and Erbium Dopants,” proved that optical fiber preforms could be made through 3D printing. Gang-Ding Peng of the University of New South Wales (UNSW) led a research team to extend small-scale glass printing by several orders of magnitude. Jianzhong Zhang of Harbin Engineering University (HEU), and Prof. ![]()
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